Pre-Flop Ranges (6-Max) This chart details the Hole Cards that we believe you should open with in a 6-max No-Limit Hold ‘Em tournament without antes – such as Match Poker Online’s™ Battle Royale tournament. Of course, absolutely best Omaha starting hands will feature all three of them. 5. An. Unlike in cash games, where chips correspond 1-to-1 to their dollar value, the formula for translating chips to dollars in tournaments is quite complex. Suppose you raise from the Button with Q♠ 7♠ and the Big Blind calls. Click to jump to an in-depth explanation of the rule: Increase your preflop raise size when there is a weak player in the blinds. The more connected your 2 cards are, the more equity your hand will realize. These are all the possible hands you could be dealt in No-Limit Holdem. If a player re-raises, that’s a 3-bet. A linear distribution of equity means that our equity is spread fairly evenly across our entire range. 35 to 1. The most efficient way to find your leaks - see all your mistakes with just one click. 6-Max Implementable GTO Charts. Ante refers to a mandatory bet required of all players before any cards are dealt, which encourages action by incentivizing players to be aggressive. This free Preflop Guide includes 8 easy-to-read charts and crucial tips that will help you play like a pro before the. You can profitably raise this hand pre flop and even afford to call a re raise. The interactive sunburst chart shows a visualization of the whole Pot Limit Omaha range. Standard. Online Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts. the amount in the pot before your opponent bet: $20. Having a hand chart is not realistic because there are 16,432 starting hands in PLO. The questions cover the following topics: 3-betting with 40 big blind stacks. Cash. This chart is a GTO poker chart for hands to open-raise within a 6-max game. Eliminate your leaks with hand history analysis. Opening ranges vary with how deep you are. You make big hands far more regularly than in No Limit Hold'em, the pots grow larger and do so faster, and the less. Save GTO until you have the basics down. 9%) WITH WORST OPEN. Put more straightforward, it usually refers to the percentage chance that you’ll win a hand at any given point. 67. 100bb preflop payhipPoker preflop charts and positions for 6max holdem Nobs 6-max automation tool-home – best poker coachingPre-flop ranges (8-max) by match poker online. Because six-handed play essentially eliminates early positions, you should widen your range. Everyone knows that Omaha Starting Hands are closer in value before the flop. Here is one of the most. This form of rake is collected in one of two ways: Player time: A set amount is collected from each player. If I were you, I'd look for some free tournament preflop charts. The thing is, though, in poker, no one is going to play correctly. If you normally raise to 2. Therefore, with these preflop charts, you will start with a strong and fundamentally correct strategy, which will help you make the best decisions and understand the principles of the right play. Pot Limit Omaha Pre-Flop Guru Spin and Go Pre-Flop Guru (4-25BB). 2. This article is to be used in addition to preflop hand guides and will present a few random preflop concepts seen in PLO. 3-bet larger preflop when you will be out of position postflop. This hand, dealt exactly this way (double suited), gives you the best shot at hitting flushes, straights, and the best low, not. Road to PLO: #2: Pot Limit Omaha Opening. Training. PioSolver also supported. 2bb from the HiJack and we are in the small blind with 25bb, playing 9-handed with a 10% ante. If you re-raise again, that’s a 4-bet. 5bb raise from every position except for the small blind. Opening Percentage. More specifically: Pushing: The act of fast-playing to reduce the number of players that will see a flop. This free Preflop Guide includes 8 easy-to-read charts. Mistakes in Open-Raising Situations. Flop chart preflop holdem bet fold omaha disqusPoker mistakes rankings suitability positional The 13 best texas hold'em poker hand strength charts [2016]Texas holdem no limit starting hand chart. An elite training course for serious cash game players. Linear – Top-down value to medium hands (Used when deciding between a fold and a continue without a third action, or as an exploit against calling stations, uncapped). The player who receives the lowest ranking door card posts a forced bet called the bring-in which is worth 5 times the ante. If the cutoff folds, the hand. JTo denotes any jack-ten combo with two different suits,. Log In. You can import your own custom SPF solution files and, if you own SPF, use the SPF engine for real time turn and river solving to enhance your training. Looking down at two aces as your hole cards means you should get as much money in the pot as possible in the preflop betting round. This PLO Solver Gives You the Optimal Preflop Strategy with Two Clicks. This is also the reason why there is no clear cut starting hand chart for PLO. There are two general rules for a hand’s playability relating to equity realization: The stronger a hand is, the more equity it will realize. This means that it is much harder to categorize hands and assign them to. 4. Not only will you play more hands per hour – opponents who fail to adjust properly will simply be giving away. 50 ante, and the bring-in would be $2. Stronger Commitment Ranges. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. Manage Account My Resources Preflop Charts. You can check it out here: I'm not trying to build a product just trying to improve my live poker game and thought it'd be nice to have a little chart to double check. Preflop action refers to the betting round taking place before the flop is dealt. I hope you are able to take something a. Pocket Pairs in Multiway Pots. Featuring a variety of preflop GTO solutions, learning these Omaha poker ranges will give you a big edge at the tables. Ranging an opponent as the preflop aggressor. Get free preflop charts here and start playing like a pro before the flop. Rangeconverter guys also have the monker ranges which are probably worth checking out too. Playing with a HUD can give you a big edge if used correctly. This means a rake cap of $0. You can check it out here: I'm not trying to build a product just trying to improve my live poker game and thought it'd be nice to have a little chart to double check. Odds are available for: Texas Holdem, Omaha , Omaha Hi-Lo, 7-Card Stud, 7-Card Stud Hi-Lo and Razz. This form of rake is collected in one of two ways: Player time: A set amount is collected from each player. However, this does not preclude dominating situations from occurring. Overhead view of a Stud Hi Lo table. All examples are from 6-max with 100bb effective stacks. This fact means that if everyone is playing perfectly, this is the chart to go by. When you’re reading an article from the Upswing Poker blog, or looking at our free preflop charts, suited hands will be denoted with an “s”, while offsuit hands are denoted with an “o”. This is a very bad strategy to use for a number of reasons. You will have the option as well. Get it now! EZ Fat Footer #1. OmahaPro is a Pot-Limit Omaha training site. MonkerSolver is the leading Omaha solver that also works for Holdem. (and especially in a pot-limit Omaha game) with an uncapped rake. An. 4 folds. Solid playability when called. ICM is used to determine how much a chip stack is worth in real dollars. 35 to 1. By Matthew Cluff. Analyzing how Aces are matching up against an opponent’s full range we find that it has 66% equity in 4-card PLO, 60% in 5-card, and only 57% in 6-card. The user interface of the applications makes it. Compare this with a hand such as JT offsuit, which becomes two-pair or better just 4. Tournament. This prevents your opponent from getting to see a flop cheaply in position and allows you to get value when your stronger holdings are called. In PLO there are a total of 16,432 different starting hands, made up of all the possibilities that result from the 270,725 stochastically possible combinations. Suited hands realize significantly more equity than their offsuit counterparts. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. AA up against a hand such as 8-7 suited is a 3-1 favorite. more suited connectors and less QJ likes). When you’re reading an article from the Upswing Poker blog, or looking at our free preflop charts, suited hands will be denoted with an “s”, while offsuit hands are denoted with an “o”. 5 to win a pot of $75. Heck, even Mike McDermott recommended it to the professor in Rounders (1998). Poker Winning Hands Chart: Hand Rankings. This free Preflop Guide includes 8 easy-to-read charts and crucial tips that will help you play like a pro before the flop. For example, if the pot is $10 and the effective stack is $100, the SPR is 10 (100/10). Download now! Preflop Strategy vs Limpers. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. You can purchase the charts here: PLO content (in spanish) here⏬⏬⏬Limit Omaha Game Theory Optimal(GTO) Poker Charts are here. Ace From Space – Another name used for when a timely ace appears on the river. Everyone is going to have holes and weaknesses in their game. A top pair on the flop is a very strong hand that can get a lot of value with a c-bet. So take into consideration what the rake assumption is in the preflop. Reviewing 5-card PLO hands and showing you how to fix common preflop mistakes with the new 5-card PLO Trainer. 8x when out of position and 2. txt files compatible with PioViewer, Pro Poker Tools and more! The Best Keeps Getting Better. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. Put more. Here you'll find information on preflop and reinforce your knowledge in the trainer. BB (Hero, 8. This is where Pot Limit Omaha comes in. You take the pot down on the flop, turn or river by c-betting and/or barreling against 1–2 opponents. In this case, the total pot is $150 and its $50 to call, so the pot would be $200 ($150 total pot + your $50 call) if you call. As per standard in the ranking of poker hands, you’re going to generally want to play cards with. ”. For those brand new to the poker ranges, we have a few conventions and guidelines that most hand range charts follow. 2. Start with an adequate bankroll for micro stakes. Hero bets 3. PokerCruncher is a hand ranges equity calculator that can be downloaded from the Mac, iOS, and Android app stores. The best high hand wins half of the pot, and the best low hand wins the other half of the pot. All examples are from 6-max with 100bb effective stacks. For example, 8 ♥ 7 ♥ is a great bluffing hand on a K♣ Q♣ 6 ♥ flop. We use poker hand grids to visualize ranges. I'm playing with a simple website idea to display GTO preflop ranges. Chinese Poker. First, you need to figure out what the pot size would be if you called the bet. Learn More. For example, A♥ K♥ Q♠ J♠ is a double suited preflop holding. Open Your Range. 3. How to use your 6-max preflop chart – best poker coachingPoker gto preflop starting optimal Pre-flop ranges. Stud Poker Rules. PokerTracker 4, Hold’em Manager 2, and DriveHUD are examples of poker hand tracking programs that include a HUD. Founded by Doug Polk, Ryan Fee, and Matt Colletta in 2015 with the goal of helping poker players get better at the game they love, Upswing Poker has grown from a blog offering free preflop charts to the world's biggest poker training company with courses and tools for every popular game type, including cash game poker courses, tournament poker courses, Pot Limit Omaha courses, and more. There are preflop charts everywhere on the internet that are specific to positional effects. In addition to all kinds of sets and full houses, there are a variety. 100BB Exploitative Preflop Charts. With your flush draw, you c-bet small on. We’ll refer to this number as the final pot. a BTN opening range has AA). Getting the Right Starting Hands. You get Nick’s personal 260+ preflop charts for 6 stack depths so you know you’re playing rock solid ranges that win. Learn More. Use Non-Made Hands With Backdoor Flush Draws to Bluff. I. 50. Forget about all these Pre Flop Charts to get the precise winning odds of your Hole Cards in Texas Hold'em Poker: The PreFlopper Poker Calculators are simple-to-use applications that will help you develop a solid pre-flop playing strategy for Texas Hold'Em, Omaha, Omaha HiLo, Stud and Razz Poker. g. This free Preflop Guide includes 8 easy-to-read charts and crucial tips that will help you play like a pro before the flop. To illustrate this concept, let’s take a look at an example hand: Online $1/$2. Here are some examples of reasonable 3-bet sizes against various opens: Vs Min Raise: 3-bet to 8BB. & Replayer 3-bet Pot Strategies Doug Vs Daniel Insight PLO Preflop Guide The Laws Of Live Poker Level-Up Podcast Hold'em Preflop Charts. Manage Account My Resources Preflop Charts. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. Hellmuth Crushes. Hero is in the BB with K ♥ 8 ♥. As seen in the charts above, weak aces are losing pushes from UTG and middle position, even with 10bb stacks. LLC – is a Pot Limit Omaha preflop advisor. The real thing we should be worried about in poker is RTAs but few people (myself included) truly understand them, but we all have seen preflop charts. 9% 4. 5. Even though there is nothing you can (legally) do to “get” the right starting. The results were then correlated to give you the easily accessible preflop charts for all positions. Basically you click your two highest cards with suitedness and then clicks into two lower cards. In no-limit hold'em, many players — especially beginners — focus a lot on preflop play. Online Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. Thinking about what players have in the form of a range is valuable because it allows you to think about all of the possibilities of a hand. The table is generated using a java program which randomly deals 10 players and 5. Antes are commonly found in tournaments and high stakes cash games. Nuttiness. 2%. Advanced Cash Game Strategy by Alex 'Kanu7' Millar. Bet Sizing: The RFI ranges assume a 2. Poker charts for different disciplines, starting hands lists, preflop charts for MTT and cash games. You get 12 preflop theory videos that cover: Raising First In (RFI) vs RFI & Blind Defense; 3-Betting & Squeezing; 4-Betting & 5-Betting; Playing vs 3-Bets, 4-Bets & 5-BetsLive No-Limit Holdem Cash Online No-Limit Holdem Cash No Limit Tournaments Heads Up SNG Omaha Omaha/8 Six Plus Hold'em Other Poker Games Psychology Books and Publications Poker Theory. g. 2. Log Out. With an open-ended straight draw, for example, your chance of hitting a straight by the river is 45. An elite. The results were then correlated to give you. Move down the row to the right and find the column that corresponds with your position at the table. In fact, software is required for precise ICM calculations. Download texas hold em cheat sheet for free. 51% It takes time to master starting hands in Pot Limit Omaha. ; Fold to 3-Bet After Raising; 4-Bet Ratio –. Learn More. Clicking on the “Preflop” tab at the top left of that matrix switches to the menu on the right. 1. Our GTO Poker Charts ranges were created by working through as many preflop scenarios as possible in different Poker Formats, using both Monker Solver and Pio Solver. The best hand from our chart, A A K K, is 33% to win, 41% to tie, and 26% to lose to the second-best hand, A A T J. Costs money though. Get it now! EZ Fat Footer #1. Suited wheel aces will almost always have a at least 35% equity against your opponent’s 4-bet calling range. If they so choose, this player may also complete the bet, by posting the entire small bet. 99) on the Apple Store or Google Play Store. Become an end boss with this comprehensive Pot Limit Omaha Training Course. Straightforward stuff here. . You'll end up learning how to make fast and accurate decisions, while building a solid foundation for. Upswing Newsletter Hand Converter & Replayer 3-bet Pot Strategies Doug Vs Daniel Insight PLO Preflop Guide The Laws Of Live Poker Level-Up Podcast Hold'em Preflop Charts Log In Member Home Contact Us Articles Quizzes Reviews Free Resources Merch The Upswing Pros All Poker Training Poker Ranges Charts. GTO Trainer. Starting hands in Pot-Limit Omaha are grouped by structure. 6%. When it comes to open-raising preflop, your sizings should remain the same as when you’re playing 100 big blinds deep. Vs 2. Bluffthespot preflop bible 2. Hands starting poker chart guide texas hold em largerPlo upswing preflop positions Poker hand rankings : your first step in learning the game of pokerPoker omaha hand chart rules plo strategy rankings hands strategies texas card ranking holdem easier especially apply learning above betoclock. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. Founded by Doug Polk, Ryan Fee, and Matt Colletta in 2015 with the goal of helping poker players get better at the game they love, Upswing Poker has grown from a blog offering free preflop charts to the world's biggest poker training company with courses and tools for every popular game type, including cash game poker courses, tournament poker. Bet small (25-35% pot) on dry, static board textures. Maybe the exact GTO ranges are complex but the basics are easy. The old-school approach to multiway pots was to enter with many speculative hands hoping to win big when you hit. Example: The cutoff raises and you 3-bet from the button. Principles, such as the ones described in this article, should be the number one way we think about our preflop holdings. A fundamentally sound preflop strategy sets you up for success in all subsequent betting rounds. It looks like this: The bottom 20% of the range has between 25% and 40% equity in the pot. 5. High-, Mid-, Low-, Micro stakes, MTT & Heads-up. You have to play tighter preflop in micro stakes games, particularly when it comes to calling raises and re-raises. The first thing we need to do here is calculate our own pot odds. Playing Aces too fast preflop in 6-card is suicide. Because of this, we thought it would be great to bring you some insight into how a higher stakes professional — used to all of those theoretically advanced poker shenanigans — approaches a game like good ol’ $0. This is in addition to the blinds, meaning pots in games that use an ante start off bigger than games without. Download. E. They're broken into two categories: full-ring ranges and six-max ranges. Pocket nines should be called on the button against early-position raisers and 3-bet when facing a raise from the cutoff. In PLO, there are a massive 270,725 possible. Simple Omaha - is the first nash equilibrium solver without any abstractions that allows to solve optimal strategies for Omaha on postflop. If your hand’s equity is higher than 33%, you would continue (either by calling or raising). With fewer cards in the deck, you’ll hit your outs more often too. Here you’ll find the range of top-ranking poker hands from the very best, a Royal Flush, to the very worst, High Card. 167. Flop action: The flop is J ♥ J ♦ J♣. . The bigger a player’s leaks and flaws are, the more you. A precise and easy to use visual representation of GTO preflop ranges for 4 and 5 card Pot Limit Omaha. Also, we strongly recommend reading our tips on how to approach the suggested strategies. g. Manage Account My Resources Preflop Charts. There are two general rules for a hand’s playability relating to equity realization: The stronger a hand is, the more equity it will realize. 50 (aka 50NL). So I go to my favorite coaching site and take a look at there "GTO preflop" chart and starting from there to build my ranges. MonkerSolver. It takes time to master starting hands in Hold’em, and yet there are only 1,326 possible starting hands in Hold’em. Download texas hold em cheat sheet for free. 259 preflop charts for online cash games, live cash games, and tournaments. Having the ability to flop straight draws, top pair, and nut flush draws makes it easy for you to continue on a multitude of boards. Learn How to Study Preflop in Pot Limit Omaha Using the PLO Trainer Desktop App. Nick’s tournament course comes with his Preflop Mastersheet, which contains 260+ charts that cover almost every preflop situation you can imagine at 6 different stack depths. 1 is the best commercially available packaged preflop set on the market and its not really close. Antes. In a $5/$10 7 Card Stud game, players would post $0. But first, let’s take a look at what an ante is. Here is a basic and conservative pot limit omaha hand chart for being the first to open (everyone folds to you) in various positions. The Advanced Solver Ranges cover: Raise first in ranges for all positions in a 6-max game. Poker Ranges Charts. Squeezing is a less. Here’s a screenshot from the Vs 3bet sheet in his course: The 4-bet size he recommends is circled at the bottom: 2. Free preflop charts – best poker coaching. accurate when playing stakes as low as $1/2. 1% 4. 100bb deep it's considered stronger to raise pocket pair and suited. 28 Dec 2022. Straight Flush (T ♥ 9 ♥ 8 ♥ 7 ♥ 6 ♥) Also very rare, a straight flush consists of any straight that is all the same suit. 50 ante, and the bring-in would be $2. Navigate preflop play in Pot Limit Omaha like a seasoned pro with charts, heuristics, and quizzes that will help you memorize optimal ranges. Manage Account My Resources Preflop Charts. Note: If you want to win at poker, you need a solid preflop strategy. In Texas Hold'em, when you have a strong hand, you have a lot of equity. Adapt To 5-Card Preflop Ranges. Pot-Limit Omaha (PLO) is the world’s second-most popular poker variant, only trailing No-Limit Hold’em. Range vs Range: No specific poker hands. This represents a 7% edge while in Hold. Making the right strategy adjustments in these games can bring in large profits for the thinking player. The “o” indicates it is an offsuit hand, for instance, 6♣ 5. com. There’s also a free version of Cruncher that is restricted to preflop calculations only. The right action to take with each category of hand. Spot #3 – Triple Broadway Ace-High Boards In Position. The Playbook is a more polished course that teaches an overall more modern strategy to help you win in 2023 and beyond. We'll walk through the course content in a moment. Poker omaha limit pot chart preflop bestpokercoaching flop coaching bullshit pre bot beauprez coach become interview professional john programming universalPoker. Not all limpers are created equal. For example, let’s say you want to. There are various non-favorable cards you can get preflop in Pot-Limit Omaha. All it takes is two clicks (other than the initial setup). While they may seem like profitable hands to push at any stack depth under 15bb, they are not. Upswing Poker coach and high stakes PLO pro Dylan Weisman stopped by for a special guest appearance on the Level-Up Podcast. Under the Gun (aka UTG) is the position of the player sitting directly clockwise of the Big Blind, and the first to act preflop. Pot Limit Omaha expert Fernando “JNandez” Habegger has completed and launched his training course PLO University. OmahaPro is a Pot-Limit Omaha training site. Take a look at the Button (BTN) vs Lojack (LJ) raise preflop chart from the Upswing Lab training course: Red = 3-Bet | Orange = 3-Bet or Call | Pink = 3-Bet or Fold | Green = Call | Light Green. Note: If you want to win at poker, you need a solid preflop strategy. In this variation 2 different hands can win at showdown — a ‘hi’ hand that uses the traditional hand ranking chart explained above, and a ‘lo’ hand, which is 5 cards that are 8 or lower. Nowadays (2023) almost all preflop range charts are based on GTO (Game Theory Optimal) ranges. The preflop chart sorts and filters the hands by actions taken and by hand groups, such. 0. com Everyone knows that Omaha Starting Hands are closer in value before the flop. Most Important HUD Stats. Once you notice their imbalances, you can adjust to exploit it! 2. You can’t win the pot pre-flop by open limping. You need a smart preflop strategy to truly crush Pot Limit Omaha games. In Texas Hold’em, the best poker players fold 75 percent or more of all starting hands before the betting even begins. Advanced Cash Game Strategy by Alex 'Kanu7' Millar. read. Preflop range charts. Online Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts. Here you will find information on preflop and you can consolidate your knowledge in the simulator. How’d you do?Poker Tools and Software Identify player tendencies quickly & easily to exploit patterns in your opponents play. Cutting Edge. Time collection (also “timed rake” or “table charge”) is a set fee collected (typically) every half-hour during the game. Fernando “JNandez” Habegger is a well established Pot Limit Omaha specialist and coach. Time Collection. Manage Account My Resources Preflop Charts. Here are 10 essential poker charts to help your preflop poker game. Now, some 3bet ranges are very easy to estimate and others are much more difficult. PAIRS: UTG RFI (17. 2. Also known as 7 Card Stud Hi/Lo and Stud 8, Stud Eight or Better is essentially a mix of Stud and Razz. The pot is 19 BBs and the Cutoff has 35% equity (and will realize much more than that) with 76s in position. Table of contents. Learn More. With any paired hole card combination, you have about a 11. In addition to the fact that Elite Benefits and. Education. 4% a[5-2] [5-2] 93% 43% 2% 2. This is especially true when you have position on your opponent. Gershon Distenfeld Wins First Bracelet and $204,063 for Charity in Event #48: $1,500 Shootout. Try not to be afraid of. You can import your own custom SPF solution files and, if you own SPF, use the SPF engine for real time turn and river solving to enhance your training. These push fold charts are calculated based on ICM poker considerations and are used by the best MTT players, so it is considered an optimal approach for end game situations. This fact means that if everyone is playing perfectly, this is the chart to go by. TAG poker worked like magic 10 years ago, when fishy players with loose pre-flop tendencies were a dime a dozen. Online Cash Ranges Live Cash Ranges MTT Ranges Advanced Solver Ranges Advanced Tourney Ranges Heads-Up Ranges Preflop Charts Guide. Click here to read. 1 BB) is contemplating calling with a hand slightly below what the push/fold charts would advocate. In 5-Card PLO, the best hands are those. Win the Max in Live Games; Learn Strategies Alongside Brad Owen; Access the One-of-a-Kind Live Cash Preflop Mastersheet;In Short Deck Hold’em, your chances of flopping an open-ended straight draw are 19% (compared to 10% in a full-deck game). So for example, JTs is the notation for jack-ten suited, and includes J♣T♣, J ♥ T ♥, J♠T♠ and J ♦ T ♦. Key Attributes: The ABC player has a general understanding of what it takes to succeed in the hyperturbo games and will be generally be aggressive enough and relatively well-balanced in the most common HUHT situations (though much less so on turns and rivers).